Điều khoản Logistics What are the Differences? Feeder Ship vs Barge

Container ships are the mainstay of maritime transportation, but feeder ships and barges fill in the gaps where container ships cannot. Feeder ships are small-size container ships that operate between major hub ports and smaller nearby ports. Barges are cargo carriers designed to facilitate the transportation of bulk or cargo to ports via rivers or canals. Let's take a look at the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of feeder ships and barges to help you efficiently move your goods to their final destination.

A feeder vessel is a ship that serves as a link between a major port where larger container ships operate and a nearby small or medium-sized port. They are small, scheduled or unscheduled container ships that travel short routes. As such, they connect small and medium-sized ports that are inaccessible to large container ships with large ports and transport cargo.

When running a feeder vessel service, it is important to fully consider the issues of securing feeder vessels, berthing terminals, storage facilities, and other costs.

Short-haul: mainly short-haul, connecting large container ships to small and medium-sized ports.

Flexible accessibility: allows for a “hub and spoke strategy” where the mainly shipped cargo (containers) can be concentrated in one centralized hub and then transported to smaller ports.

Low cost of operation: Feeder ships can be operated at a relatively low cost compared to larger vessels.

Time savings: Because they are smaller than direct loading and unloading at local ports, they can minimize sailing schedules, taking less time.

The size of a feeder vessel is largely determined by the capacity of the port.
Feeder vessels are relatively small ships compared to large container ships, typically with a load capacity of 500 to 2,000 TEUs. The average capacity of a large container ship is around 15,000, while medium-sized feeder ships have capacities ranging from 2,000 to 3,999 TEUs. As the average capacity of large container ships increases, the capacity of feeder vessels is also increasing.

Ports where feeder ships can come in and out

Small to medium-sized ports where large ships cannot berth due to low water depths

Major ports where the motherships of large container ships berth

Intermediate ports for cargo transportation to inland locations

As you can see, feeder ships connect large container ships with inland transportation, and they operate in ports of varying sizes.

Barges are vessels used for cargo transportation, crude oil transportation, crane transportation, military purposes, and more, and have a wide, flat hull and low draft. Most barges are not self-propelled and are moved by tugs. Some barges are self-propelled, although they are vulnerable to waves and need to be anchored.
They are also useful for moving heavy concrete or steel during bridge and dam construction.
They should be regularly inspected for safety facilities, such as lifesaving ropes, working conditions, and mechanical defects.

Flat-bottomed structure: Barges are characterized by a flat-bottomed structure because they are primarily built to carry cargo on rivers and canals.

Lack of self-propulsion: Some barges are not self-propelled and require the assistance of a tug boat. In these cases, they are towed by a tugboat.

Various usage: Barges can be used in a variety of different purposes, including dry bulk cargo, oil transportation, and automotive floating cranes.

Durability and easy assembly: Barges are made of steel, making them durable. They are easy to transport and install as they are prefabricated in blocks. The overall size can be changed depending on the quantity of blocks.

Limited seaworthiness: Due to their low draft, barges are rarely capable of open ocean voyages and are mainly utilized for short-distance transportation on rivers and canals.

The capacity of a barge is expressed in displacement tons (DWT), and it can typically be loaded to 70% of its displacement tons. For example, a 3,000-ton barge has a DWT of 3,000, meaning it can carry up to about 2,100 tons of cargo. A standard barge has a capacity of 1,500 tons and is 195 feet long and 35 feet wide.

Dry bulk cargo barge: Used to transport dry cargo. It includes minerals such as sand, grain, coal, steel, and other dry raw materials that can be transported via a barge system. It may be closed with a top cover or open.

Liquid cargo barge: The opposite of a dry bulk cargo barge. It carries fertilizers, petrochemicals, and other necessary liquid chemicals that are used in a liquid state.

Split hopper barge: Used to transport dredged material as the barge is equipped with appropriate unloading tools to unload dredged material, soil, sand, etc. on site.

Jackup barge: Used for offshore bridge construction, oil field development, drilling operations, etc. The legs of the jackup barge are stuck on the ground, and its upper panel moves up and down.

Flat barge: It has a flat bottom and is generally used to transport medium-to-large structures.

Ports that can accommodate barges
Barges are used in river ports, coastal ports, and inner harbors where low water depths make it difficult for larger ships to berth. In these small-to-medium-size ports, barges perform cargo transportation and loading/unloading operations.

1) Feeder Vessel

They connect large ocean-going vessels with smaller ports that are inaccessible for larger ships and because of their flat structure, they mainly carry containerized cargo, unlike barges, which are used for intermediate transportation.

On average, they can hold between 300 TEUs and 1,000 TEUs, making them highly maneuverable and suitable for working in narrow waterways and small ports. They are also faster than barges.

They have better access to ports compared to barges, which lack port facilities, allowing for faster unloading times.

2) Barge

They can be utilized in deep water, coastal, and inland ports that feeder ships cannot reach, making them more accessible.

Unlike feeder ships, which are smaller in size and capacity, they are mainly used for bulk cargo transportation and can travel in a short period of time.

They require less manpower and are therefore cheaper to operate.

They are environmentally friendly with low fuel consumption and emissions.

1) Feeder Vessel

Mainly operated on short hauls due to difficulty navigating in the open ocean.

Can only enter and exit specific ports, requiring deeper water depths and advanced port facilities.

In contrast to the cost reduction due to container enlargement, additional inland transportation costs are incurred, or the cost burden imposed at the port increases.

Compared to barges, they consume more fuel and may cause environmental pollution.

2) Barge

Rarely capable of open-ocean sailing, and they are usually operated on coasts or rivers.

Steel barges are prone to rust and can be difficult to maintain.

Relatively slow transit times compared to feeder vessels, making them unsuitable for time-sensitive cargo.

Limited range of reach compared to feeder vessels.

Smaller capacity compared to feeder vessels, making it unsuitable for large-scale cargo transportation.

Overall, feeder vessels are effective in connecting large ships to smaller ports, while barges are advantageous for transporting bulk cargo on inland waterways with low water depths.

Feeder vessels are typically designed to operate in harbors with depths of 10 meters or more, and shallow inland waterways pose a high risk of the hull touching bottom and running aground. Barges, on the other hand, are designed to operate safely in water as shallow as 5 meters or less and are particularly flexible in narrow, winding inland waterways.

By transporting relatively small loads multiple times, the number of trips increases, but consumes less fuel due to lower engine power compared to feeder ships. It is also favorable for shorter distances, which can further reduce additional fuel consumption.

Feeder ships typically travel at high speeds of 20 to 25 knots (nautical miles per hour).
They also use large engines and high-performance propellers to make long-distance transportation even faster.

Although feeder ships have a smaller load capacity than large container ships, they can carry much more cargo than barges.
They can carry not only containers but also bulk or special cargo and are highly adaptable to handle a wide range of cargo types.