Điều khoản Logistics AMS(Automated Manifest System)

Definition and Purpose
The Automated Manifest System (AMS) is an electronic information system used primarily by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to track and manage cargo shipments arriving by air, sea, and rail. The primary purpose of AMS is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the customs clearance process by allowing carriers, freight forwarders, and other logistics service providers to submit detailed cargo information electronically before the arrival of the shipment.

AMS enables the seamless flow of information between various stakeholders in the supply chain, including shippers, carriers, customs authorities, and port operators. By digitizing the manifest submission process, AMS reduces paperwork, minimizes the risk of errors, and accelerates the overall cargo clearance process. This not only ensures compliance with regulatory requirements but also improves the speed and reliability of international trade operations.

Historical Background
The concept of the Automated Manifest System dates back to the early 1980s when the U.S. Customs Service (now CBP) recognized the need to modernize and streamline the cargo clearance process. Prior to AMS, the customs clearance process was predominantly manual, involving extensive paperwork and physical inspections. This manual approach was time-consuming, error-prone, and often resulted in significant delays in the movement of goods.

In response to these challenges, the U.S. Customs Service initiated the development of AMS as part of its broader efforts to implement automated systems for cargo processing. The early versions of AMS were designed to handle air cargo and were later expanded to include ocean and rail shipments. Over the years, AMS has undergone several enhancements and updates to keep pace with technological advancements and the evolving needs of the global trade industry.

Today, AMS is an integral part of the CBP's Automated Commercial Environment (ACE), a comprehensive system that integrates various automated cargo processing systems to provide a single, centralized platform for managing all aspects of the import and export process. The implementation of AMS has significantly improved the efficiency of customs operations, enabling faster and more accurate processing of cargo shipments and contributing to the growth and competitiveness of international trade.

AMS vs ENS: Understanding the Differences
The Entry Summary Declaration (ENS), which is similar to AMS is a system used by the European Union (EU) to ensure the security of goods entering its borders. ENS requires carriers to submit detailed cargo information electronically before the goods arrive at an EU port. The primary purpose of ENS is to perform risk assessments and ensure that goods entering the EU comply with security regulations.

1) Geographical Scope
- AMS: Used primarily in the United States for managing cargo shipments entering the country.
- ENS: Used by the European Union for ensuring the security of goods entering its member states.

2) Primary Purpose
- AMS: Focuses on streamlining the customs clearance process to enhance efficiency and accuracy.
- ENS: Aims to perform risk assessments and ensure compliance with security regulations for incoming shipments.

3) Submission Requirements
- AMS: Requires carriers to submit cargo information electronically before the arrival of the shipment.
- ENS: Requires carriers to submit an entry summary declaration electronically before the goods reach an EU port.

4) Regulatory Framework
- AMS: Part of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Automated Commercial Environment (ACE).
- ENS: Part of the European Union's Import Control System (ICS).

Both AMS and ENS are critical components of international trade, ensuring the efficient and secure movement of goods across borders. While AMS focuses on streamlining customs clearance in the U.S., ENS is geared towards enhancing security for shipments entering the EU.

(Source: Firefly, Adobe)

Key Components
The Automated Manifest System (AMS) consists of several key components that work together to streamline the customs clearance process. Understanding these components is crucial for grasping how AMS operates.

- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): EDI is the electronic communication method used to transmit data between parties. In AMS, EDI allows for the exchange of cargo information between carriers, freight forwarders, and customs authorities. It ensures that all information related to the shipment is sent and received quickly and accurately, reducing the need for paper documentation.
- Manifest Information: The manifest is a detailed list of the cargo on board a vessel, aircraft, or vehicle. This information includes the description of the goods, the shipper and consignee details, and other pertinent data required by customs authorities. The manifest is submitted electronically via AMS before the arrival of the shipment.
- Automated Broker Interface (ABI): ABI is a system that allows brokers to electronically file import data with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). It facilitates the transmission of entry and entry summary data, making the import process faster and more efficient.
- Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Systems: CBP systems are the various electronic platforms used by U.S. customs authorities to process and monitor cargo information. These systems validate the data submitted through AMS, perform risk assessments, and determine whether shipments can be cleared or require further inspection.

Workflow Overview
Understanding the workflow of AMS provides a clear picture of how this system functions from the moment a shipment is prepared until it is cleared by customs.

1) Cargo Information Preparation
The shipper or freight forwarder prepares the cargo information, including details such as the description of goods, quantity, weight, and consignee information. This information is formatted according to EDI standards.

2) Electronic Submission
The cargo information is submitted electronically to CBP via AMS before the shipment departs or arrives at the U.S. port. Carriers and freight forwarders use EDI to send the manifest data to the AMS.

3) Data Validation
CBP systems receive and validate the submitted data, checking for completeness and accuracy. The CBP's automated systems cross-reference the information with existing records and compliance requirements.

4) Risk Assessment and Screening
CBP conducts a risk assessment to identify any potential security threats or compliance issues. Advanced algorithms and databases are used to screen the manifest data against risk profiles and watchlists.

5) Customs Clearance
If the shipment passes the risk assessment, it is cleared for entry. If there are discrepancies or potential risks, the shipment may be flagged for further inspection. Cleared shipments receive an electronic notification, while those requiring inspection are subject to manual review by CBP officers.

6) Release of Cargo
Once cleared, the cargo is released for pickup or delivery to the consignee. The release information is updated in the AMS and communicated to the relevant parties.

7) Post-Entry Processes
Post-entry procedures, such as payment of duties and taxes, are completed based on the data submitted through AMS. The Automated Broker Interface (ABI) facilitates these transactions, ensuring that all financial and regulatory requirements are met.

(Source: Firefly, Adobe)

The AMS fee is a charge levied for the use of the Automated Manifest System. This system is used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to process and manage cargo information electronically before shipments arrive in the United States. The fee is applied per Bill of Lading (BOL) for sea freight or per Air Waybill (AWB) for air freight.

Purpose of the AMS Fee
The primary purpose of the AMS fee is to cover the costs associated with the electronic processing of cargo information. This includes:

- Data Validation: Ensuring that the cargo information submitted is accurate and complete.
- Risk Assessment: Screening shipments for potential security threats or compliance issues.
- Customs Clearance: Facilitating the efficient clearance of shipments through customs.

By funding these critical processes, the AMS fee helps maintain the integrity and efficiency of the customs clearance system, benefiting both importers and exporters.

Who Pays the AMS Fee?
The responsibility for paying the AMS fee can fall on either the client (importer) or the supplier (exporter), depending on the terms of the shipping agreement. Here are the common scenarios:

- Client (Importer) Pays: Often, the client pays the AMS fee when they are responsible for all import-related costs. This is typically outlined in the terms of the sale, such as DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) or CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight). The client includes the AMS fee in their overall import cost calculations, ensuring compliance with U.S. customs regulations.
- Supplier (Exporter) Pays: The supplier may cover the AMS fee when they handle the shipping arrangements to the destination port or airport. This is common in FOB (Free on Board) or EXW (Ex Works) terms. The supplier adds the AMS fee to their shipping costs, which may be reflected in the pricing to the client.

Managing the AMS Fee
To avoid disputes and ensure smooth transactions, it is essential to clearly outline who is responsible for the AMS fee in the shipping agreement. Here are some tips:

- Contract Clarity: Ensure that the terms of sale explicitly state who will cover the AMS fee. This should be included in the purchase order, sales contract, or shipping instructions.
- Cost Inclusion: If you are responsible for the AMS fee, factor it into your overall shipping costs. This will help avoid unexpected expenses and maintain accurate budget projections.
- Communication: Maintain clear communication between the supplier, client, and any intermediaries (e.g., freight forwarders) to ensure everyone understands their responsibilities regarding the AMS fee.

The AMS fee is an essential component of the logistics and customs clearance process for shipments entering the United States. Whether covered by the client or supplier, this fee ensures the smooth and efficient processing of cargo information through the Automated Manifest System. By understanding who is responsible for the AMS fee and incorporating it into your shipping agreements, you can better manage your logistics costs and ensure compliance with U.S. customs regulations.

(Source: Firefly, Adobe)

Benefits of AMS
1) Efficiency and Accuracy
The Automated Manifest System (AMS) significantly enhances the efficiency and accuracy of the customs clearance process. Here are the key benefits:

- Streamlined Data Processing: AMS allows for the electronic submission of cargo information, reducing the need for physical paperwork and minimizing errors. The system provides real-time updates on shipment status, enabling all parties to stay informed and make timely decisions.
- Improved Compliance: AMS ensures that all cargo information is accurate and complete, which is crucial for meeting regulatory requirements. The system performs automated checks and validations, reducing the risk of discrepancies and compliance issues.
- Faster Customs Clearance: By submitting cargo information before the shipment arrives, AMS allows customs authorities to process and clear shipments more quickly. Efficient data processing and accurate information reduce the likelihood of delays caused by manual inspections or paperwork errors.

2) Cost Savings
Implementing AMS can lead to significant cost savings for both importers and exporters:

- Reduced Administrative Costs: The electronic submission of documents reduces the need for physical paperwork, saving time and resources. Automation decreases the need for manual data entry and verification, reducing labor costs.
- Minimized Delays: Quicker customs clearance translates to reduced storage and demurrage fees. Improved efficiency helps in maintaining predictable shipping schedules, reducing costs associated with delays.
- Enhanced Accuracy: Fewer errors in documentation mean less risk of fines and penalties, which can be costly.

Challenges and Limitations
While AMS offers numerous benefits, it also presents certain challenges and limitations:

1) Technical Difficulties
- System Downtime: Technical glitches or system downtime can disrupt the submission and processing of cargo information.
- Integration Problems: Integrating AMS with other systems used by logistics providers can be complex and may require significant IT resources.

2) Compliance Requirements
- Regulatory Changes: Keeping up with changes in customs regulations and ensuring ongoing compliance can be challenging.
- Data Accuracy: Ensuring the accuracy and completeness of data submitted through AMS is critical and can be difficult to manage consistently.

3) Technical Support and Maintenance
- Regular Updates: Ensure that the AMS software is regularly updated to prevent technical issues.
- IT Support: Invest in robust IT support to address integration challenges and system downtime promptly.

4) Training and Education
- Staff Training: Provide comprehensive training for staff on how to use AMS effectively and stay compliant with regulations.
- Regular Audits: Conduct regular audits of data and processes to ensure accuracy and compliance.

The Automated Manifest System (AMS) is a vital tool in the logistics industry, offering significant benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings. While it presents certain challenges, such as technical difficulties and compliance requirements, these can be mitigated through proper training, technical support, and regular updates. AMS's role in different industries, including maritime shipping and air freight, highlights its importance in ensuring the smooth and secure movement of goods across borders.

(Source: Firefly, Adobe)

The Automated Manifest System (AMS) is a crucial tool in modern logistics, offering significant benefits in efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings. Key components of AMS include electronic data interchange (EDI), manifest information, the Automated Broker Interface (ABI), and CBP systems. The workflow involves preparing cargo information, electronic submission, data validation, risk assessment, customs clearance, and release of cargo. Understanding and leveraging the full potential of AMS is essential for anyone involved in logistics and international trade. By staying informed about technological advancements and industry trends, businesses can ensure they are well-equipped to navigate the complexities of global shipping and remain competitive in the market.